(1928 - 2017) Professor of Microbiology Moses was a Professor of Microbiology at London's Queen Mary College for 22 years, where he started his involvement with the field of biotechnology. He jointly edited a major textbook on Biotechnology and co-authored around 190 original research papers, reviews, articles and books. In the beginning of his career, Vivian remained at UCL as a junior lecturer until he was assigned to a post-doctoral appointment joining a research group on photosynthesis with Melvin Calvin at the University of California in Berkeley. From 1999 he chaired CropGen with a vision to boost public understanding of biotechnology.

ITV plc is a British media company based in London, England. It holds 13 of the 15 regional television licences that make up the ITV network, the oldest and largest commercial terrestrial television network in the United Kingdom. The network, which is branded ITV by ITV plc, has vied with the British Broadcasting Corporation's BBC One for the status of the UK's most watched channel since the 1950s (a crown it lost in 2005). ITV began broadcasting in 1955. Its first contractors were Associated-Rediffusion, broadcasting to London on weekdays and Associated Television (ATV London) as the London weekend contractor. In February 1956 Associated Television (ATV Midlands) launches ITV in the Midlands and the following day the Midlands’ weekend contractor Associated British Corporation (ABC Midlands) broadcasts for the first time. In May 1956 Granada Television launches ITV in the north of England and two days later the north of England’s weekend contractor Associated British Corporation (ABC), broadcasts for the first time. In August 1957 ITV starts broadcasting in central Scotland with Scottish Television as the franchise holder. In January 1958 Television Wales and the West (TWW) starts broadcasting to South Wales and the West of England. In August of the same year Southern Television launches. In January 1959 Tyne Tees Television launches. In October 1959 Anglia Television launches and ITV launches in Northern Ireland when Ulster Television starts broadcasting. In April 1961 Westward Television launches. In September 1961 Border Television and Grampian Television both launch. In September 1962 Channel Television launches and the final part of the UK gets an ITV service when Wales (West and North) Television launches in West and North Wales as Teledu Cymru. In January 1964 Wales (West and North) Television stops broadcasting after going bankrupt. It is replaced by TWW. However the Teledu Cymru on-air identity is retained. In March 1968 TWW stops broadcasting five months before its contract was due to expire. The ITA provided an interim service called interim service until 20 May when the new contractor, Harlech Television, took over. In July 1968 Yorkshire Television launches following the decision to split the north region into two resulting in a new franchise for the Yorkshire area. Also in July, Thames Television replaces Associated-Rediffusion as the holder of the London weekday franchise although Redivision retains a 49% stake in the new company. London Weekend Television (LWT) replaces ATV as London’s weekend franchisee. In 1968 ATV starts broadcasting to the Midlands seven days a week and Granada starts broadcasting across the north west seven days a week. In both cases ABC loses the right to broadcast. Also in 1968 the TV Times is launched as a national magazine to provide listings for ITV. In the same year a technician's strike forces ITV off the air for several weeks although management manage to launch a temporary ITV Emergency National Service with no regional variations. In November 1969, ITV starts broadcasting in colour although it wasn't until 1976 that colour was available across the entire ITV network. In 1972, ITV is able to launch an afternoon service. As part of this new service the first edition of Emmerdale Farm is broadcast and ITV's first lunchtime news programme, First Report is shown. The 1974 franchise round sees no changes in contractors. However the Belmont transmitter in Lincolnshire switched from Anglia Television to Yorkshire Television and the Bilsdale UHF transmitter, based on the border between Yorkshire Television and Tyne Tees Television and much disputed over, was assigned to Tyne Tees Television. In 1978 ITV's teletext service ORACLE launches. In December 1980 The Independent Television Authority announces the new contractors to commence on 1 January 1982. The Midlands region will be split into two and dual regions will be created for Wales and the West and the South and South East. ATV is re-awarded its contract for the Midlands although there are several conditions including more regional content and increased production facilities in the Midlands. It is also told to rename itself and chooses the name Central Independent Television. Southern Television lost its licence for the South of England, in favour of Television South (TVS) and Westward Television also lost its licence for South West England and was replaced by Television South West (TSW). The Independent Broadcasting Authority also announces that TV-am has been awarded the contract to provide a national breakfast television service. In January 1982 Central, TVS and TSW start broadcasting. Also the Bluebell Hill transmitter in Kent was transferred from Thames/LWT to TVS, to increase the size of TVS's new South East sub-region. In 1987 many of the larger ITV companies start broadcasting into the night and in August Anglia and Thames/LWT become the first stations to begin 24-hour broadcasting. In October 1991 The ITC announces the results of the franchise round. Following the Broadcasting Act 1990, the ITC had to conduct a franchise auction whereby contracts would be given to the highest bidder, subject to fulfilling a programming ‘quality threshold.’ TSW lost the South West of England franchise to Westcountry Television, Thames Television lost the London weekday franchise to Carlton Television, TVS lost the South of England franchise to Meridian Broadcasting, TV-am lost the national breakfast television franchise to Sunrise Television, which changed its name to GMTV before launch because of a dispute with British Sky Broadcasting over the name 'Sunrise', and ORACLE lost the National Teletext franchise to Teletext Ltd. In June 1992 Yorkshire and Tyne Tees television merge, beginning a process that would see the consolidation of ITV over the next decade. In January 1993 GMTV, Carlton, Meridian and Westcountry start broadcasting. Also in 1993 Teletext launches as ITV’s new teletext service. In 1994 Granada Television buys LWT, and Carlton Television takes over Central Independent Television. In 1996 Carlton Television buys Westcountry Television and increases its stake in Central Independent Television to 81%. More consolidation takes place in 1997. Granada Television acquires Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television, Scottish Media Group (SMG), which owned Scottish Television, acquires Grampian Television and United News and Media, the owner of Meridian Broadcasting and Anglia Television, purchased HTV. In 2000 United News and Media sells its three stations - Meridian, HTV and Anglia - to Granada Television. In January 2004 Carlton and Granada merge to create a single England and Wales ITV company called ITV plc.

The BBC is the world's largest public broadcasting organisation. It was established in 1922 by the General Post Office as the British Broadcasting Company. John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was initially financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers. In 1923, the BBC introduced a licence fee of 10 shillings. In 1926, following the Government's acceptance of the recommendation made by the Crawford Committee (1925–26) that the British Broadcasting Company be replaced by a non-commercial, Crown-chartered organisation, it became the British Broadcasting Corporation. The British Broadcasting Corporation came into existence on 1 January 1927, and Reith – newly knighted – was appointed its first Director General. Experimental television broadcasts were started in 1932, using an electromechanical 30-line system developed by John Logie Baird. Limited regular broadcasts using this system began in 1934, and an expanded service (now named the BBC Television Service) started from Alexandra Palace in 1936, alternating between an improved Baird mechanical 240 line system and the all electronic 405 line Marconi-EMI system. The superiority of the electronic system saw the mechanical system dropped early the following year. Television broadcasting was suspended from 1 September 1939 to 7 June 1946, during the Second World War. The BBC moved much of its radio operations out of London, initially to Bristol, and then to Bedford. In the late 1960s the BBC reorganised and renamed their radio channels. On 30 September 1967, the Light Programme was split into Radio 1 offering continuous "Popular" music and Radio 2 more "Easy Listening". The "Third" programme became Radio 3 offering classical music and cultural programming. The Home Service became Radio 4 offering news, and non-musical content such as quiz shows, readings, dramas and plays. As well as the four national channels, a series of local BBC radio stations were established in 1967, including Radio London. In 1969, the BBC Enterprises department was formed to exploit BBC brands and programmes for commercial spin-off products. In 1979, it became a wholly owned limited company, BBC Enterprises Ltd. In 1974, the BBC's teletext service, Ceefax, was introduced, created initially to provide subtitling, but developed into a news and information service. In 1988 the BBC sold off the Hulton Press Library, a photographic archive which had been acquired from the Picture Post magazine by the BBC in 1957. The archive was sold to Brian Deutsch and is now owned by Getty Images. BBC Enterprises was reorganised and relaunched in 1995, as BBC Worldwide Ltd. In 1998, BBC studios, outside broadcasts, post production, design, costumes and wigs were spun off into BBC Resources Ltd. In 1990 Radio 5 was launched as a sports and educational station, but was replaced in 1994, with Radio 5 Live. In 1997, BBC News 24, a rolling news channel, launched on digital television services and the following year, BBC Choice launched as the third general entertainment channel from the BBC. The BBC also purchased The Parliamentary Channel, which was renamed BBC Parliament. In 1999, BBC Knowledge launched as a multi media channel, with services available on the newly launched BBC Text digital teletext service, and on BBC Online. In 2002, several television and radio channels were reorganised. BBC Knowledge was replaced by BBC Four and became the BBC's arts and documentaries channel. CBBC, which had been a programming strand as Children's BBC since 1985, was split into CBBC and CBeebies, for younger children, with both new services getting a digital channel: the CBBC Channel and CBeebies Channel. In addition to the television channels, new digital radio stations were created: 1Xtra, 6 Music and BBC7. BBC 1Xtra was a sister station to Radio 1 and specialised in modern black music, BBC 6 Music specialised in alternative music genres and BBC7 specialised in archive, speech and children's programming. In 2003, BBC Choice was replaced by BBC Three, with programming for younger generations and shocking real life documentaries, BBC News 24 became the BBC News Channel in 2008, and BBC Radio 7 became BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2011, with new programmes to supplement those broadcast on Radio 4. In 2008, another channel was launched, BBC Alba, a Scottish Gaelic service.