The Science Museum, London has it has its origins in the Great Exhibition of 1851, held in Hyde Park in the huge glass building known as the Crystal Palace. In 1857, South Kensington Museum opened on the site of what is now Victoria and Albert Museum. In 1862 the Science collections move to separate buildings on Exhibition Road and in the 1880s a Science library is established, with a Science Collections director appointed in 1893.
In 1909, when the new buildings were opened, the title was confined to the Art Collections. The Science and Engineering Collections were finally separated administratively and the name 'Science Museum', in informal use since 1885, was officially adopted. It was on June 26th that year that the institutional reorganisation into two independent institutions was ratified and the title "Science Museum" was officially bestowed.
A change in the underlying philosophy of the Science Museum can be said to date from about 1960. The emphasis began to shift from technical education informed by historical exposition, to a more broadly-based policy of preservation of historical artefacts placed in their historical and social context.
The history of the Science Museum over the last 150 years has been one of continual change. The exhibition galleries are never static for long, as they have to reflect and comment on the increasing pace of change in science, technology,
industry and medicine. Even if this sometimes means the removal of some wellloved objects to store, we can be certain that some of their modern replacements will become cherished in turn.
Date
1908 - 1912
Scope and ContentThree linen-backed museum plans showing the Southern Galleries of the South Kensington Museum, Victoria and Albert, and Science Museums. They are printed with handwritten notes and descriptions and show plans and vertical cross-sections of the buildings, together with detailed plans of Sir Norman Lockyer's solar physics observatory and its telescopes.
Extent3 drawings
LanguageEnglish
Archival historyThese drawings were produced by the South Kensington, Victoria & Albert and Science Museums but were acquired by Michael Richard Preston, Exhibitions Officer and later Keeper at the Science Museum. They were purchased from Preston's estate on his death and then purchased by the Museum.
The South Kensington Museum had its origins in the Great Exhibition of 1851, which the museum's first director, Henry Cole, was involved in planning. It was initially known as the Museum of Manufactures and first opened in May 1852 at Marlborough House, but by September had been transferred to Somerset House. At this stage the collections covered both applied art and science. Several of the exhibits from the Great Exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection. Henry Cole declared that the Museum should be a “schoolroom for everyone”, with the mission of improving the standards of British industry by educating designers, manufacturers and consumers in art and science. Acquiring and displaying the best examples of art and design contributed to this, as did the construction of the museum’s buildings themselves, which were also intended to demonstrate exemplary design and decoration.
By February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum a site at South Kensington and it was renamed South Kensington Museum. The new institution’s first new building was an iron framed building clad in corrugated iron, nicknamed the Brompton Boilers due to their industrial look. The official opening by Queen Victoria was on 20 June 1857. At the time the site also hosted the Patent Office Museum, a collection of contemporary and historical machinery, including an early Boulton & Watt beam engine and Symington’s marine engine. In 1862 the locomotives ‘Puffing Billy’ of 1814 and Stephenson’s ‘Rocket’ of 1829 were put on display and these were followed in 1864 by the first part of the museum’s collection of ship models.
From the 1860s to the 1880s the South Kensington Museum’s scientific collections were moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of Exhibition Road, using buildings originally constructed for the 1862 International Exhibition. These collections continued to grow, but by a sequence of sudden additions and changes rather than by any consistent planning. A major step forward came in 1876, when an exhibition, the ‘Special Loan Collection of Scientific Instruments’ was held. It was a great occasion. Instruments and equipment from many countries were displayed and public lectures given on the progress of science world-wide. In 1883 another change of emphasis occurred when the contents of the Patent Office Museum were formally transferred to the South Kensington Museum. At about the same time a Science Library was established which ever since has served the needs of Museum staff, college students and the general public.
In 1893 the Science Museum effectively came into existence when a separate director was appointed, though construction did not commence on the Science Museum building until 1914 and it was still administered as part of the South Kensington Museum. The Art collection was to get a new building before this when in 1899 Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone of a new range of buildings. She also directed that in future the Museum should be renamed 'The Victoria and Albert Museum' and this title, somewhat confusingly to us now, also applied to the Science Collections.
In 1909, when the new buildings were opened, the title was confined to the Art Collections. The Science and Engineering Collections were finally separated administratively and the name 'Science Museum', in informal use since 1885, was officially adopted. It was on June 26th that year that the institutional reorganisation into two independent institutions was ratified and the title "Science Museum" was officially bestowed. This nomenclature was largely down to the brilliance of Norman Lockyer, the founder-editor of the journal Nature and to senior civil servant Robert Morant.
Lockyer's association with the collections since the 1876 Loan exhibition and persistent lobbying on the museum's behalf qualifies him to be described as the founder of the museum while Morant engineered the separation from the Victoria and Albert Museum. Throughout the late 1800s and first decade of the 1900s Lockyer argued for the importance of a museum distinctively dedicated to Science. As early as 1876 he had ploughed ahead with assembling thousands of scientific instruments, objects and articles in South Kensington and these were subsequently incorporated in The South Kensington Museum, which had originally been founded to promote industry but whose art collections were in their turn increasingly oriented towards art rather than industry. The pressure from outside government by men such as Lockyer and from within by Morant seemed to work; by mid-1908 questions were being asked in the House of Commons for the establishment of a "science museum properly housed in immediate proximity to the Imperial College of Science and Technology". By June 1909 Morant saw the chance for a separate museum for science when ministers voted to rename The Kensington Museum; once they had approved the new name 'Victoria and Albert Museum' he reminded them the late Queen Victoria had intended the title (first mooted in 1899) only to apply to an art museum. There had to be a Science Museum for the scientific collections accumulated at The Kensington Museum, as the 'V&A' title could not possibly apply to anything but the art collections. The ministers acquiesced.
The Victoria and Albert Museum, often referred to as the V&A, has its origins in the Great Exhibition of 1851, which the museum's first director, Henry Cole, was involved in planning. It was initially known as the Museum of Manufactures and first opened in May 1852 at Marlborough House, but by September had been transferred to Somerset House. At this stage the collections covered both applied art and science. Several of the exhibits from the Great Exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection. Henry Cole declared that the Museum should be a “schoolroom for everyone”, with the mission of improving the standards of British industry by educating designers, manufacturers and consumers in art and science. Acquiring and displaying the best examples of art and design contributed to this, as did the construction of the museum’s buildings themselves, which were also intended to demonstrate exemplary design and decoration.
By February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site at South Kensington and it was renamed South Kensington Museum. The official opening by Queen Victoria was on 20 June 1857. In these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised and the first Keeper of the Fine Art Collection, George Wallis, passionately promoted the idea of wide art education through the museum collections. This led to the transfer to the museum of the School of Design that had been founded in 1837 at Somerset House. After the transfer it was referred to as the Art School or Art Training School and later became the Royal College of Art, achieving full independence from the V&A in 1949.
From the 1860s to the 1880s the V&A’s scientific collections were moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of Exhibition Road. In 1893 the Science Museum effectively came into existence when a separate director was appointed, though construction did not commence on the Science Museum building until 1914.
The laying of the foundation stone of the Aston Webb building (to the left of the main entrance) on 17 May 1899 was the last official public appearance by Queen Victoria. It was during this ceremony that the change of name from 'South Kensington Museum' to 'Victoria and Albert Museum' was made public.
On the outbreak of the Second World War, most of the collection was sent to a quarry in Wiltshire, to Montacute House in Somerset, or to a tunnel near Aldwych tube station, with larger items remaining in situ, sand-bagged and bricked in. Some of the V&A’s galleries and spaces were used to support the war effort. After the war ended and before the collections returned to the museum, the Britain Can Make It exhibition was held between September and November 1946. This attracted nearly a million-and-a-half visitors and its success led to the planning of the Festival of Britain in 1951.
Today, the V&A is the world’s leading museum of art and design, housing a permanent collection of over 2.3 million objects that span over 5,000 years of human creativity. The Museum holds many of the UK's national collections and houses some of the greatest resources for the study of architecture, furniture, fashion, textiles, photography, sculpture, painting, jewellery, glass, ceramics, book arts, Asian art and design, theatre and performance.
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System of arrangementAlthough these are Museum records they were acquired from outside of the Musuem so although they have been added to the Corporate Archive structure they are numbered seperatly to reflect how they came to be part of the collection
