John Scott Russell was born on the 8th May 1808 at Parkhead, near Glasgow. At the age of twelve he began to study for the church at St Andrews University but a year later he matriculated at Glasgow University, where his interests became increasingly scientific and he was awarded his MA in 1825. He moved to Edinburgh and took several teaching posts, including a temporary appointment to carry out the duties of the professor of natural philosophy in 1832.
In 1834 Russell designed and built six large steam carriages which cruised at 14 m.p.h., carrying twenty-six passengers and a crew of three. They ran for a short time between Glasgow and Paisley and were said to be very comfortable but, following continual opposition and an accident, they were soon withdrawn. At the same time Russell was working for a company operating a passenger service on the canal between Edinburgh and Glasgow. His first paper, to the British Association in 1835, showed how the wave of translation could be used to reduce the resistance of barges moving fast in a restricted waterway. In the course of his canal work he had built four experimental vessels of differing form to test his theory. It was not until the mid-1960's when applied scientists began to use modern digital computers to study nonlinear wave propagation that the soundness of Russell's early ideas began to be appreciated.
In 1838 he became a manager at Caird's engine works in Greenock. During this time, he designed several ships on his wave-line theory which were engined by Caird. His fame was growing and in 1841 he was invited to write the section on shipbuilding for the Encyclopaedia Britannica. There seemed little prospect of advancement in the family firm of Caird and in 1844 Russell moved to London as editor of the Railway Chronicle. In 1847 Russell and partners had taken over the old Fairbairn shipyard at Millwall on the River Thames, which took up an increasing amount of time particularly from 1851, when he took sole control of the yard. In 1850 he designed a yacht, Titania, for Robert Stevenson, which went on to be defeated by the America to inaugurate the America's Cup.
Russell was elected FRS in 1849 and he was a member of council (and sometime vice-president) of both the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. In the autumn of 1859, he held a small dinner party which led to the formation of the Institution of Naval Architects. He was driven to resign from the ‘Civils’ in 1867 following unproven allegations of professional misconduct.
In 1851 Russell was invited by the Australian Royal Mail Co., for which I. K. Brunel was chief engineer, to tender for two big mail steamers, Adelaide and Victoria, of 3000 tons and carrying 200 passengers. By the spring of 1852 Brunel was discussing plans with Russell for a truly enormous ship which was to become the Great Eastern. Before building work could begin, Russell's shipyard was devastated by a serious fire but was only partially covered by insurance. The Millwall shipyard failed in 1856.
From 1867 onwards he pressed for an improved system of technical education in the United Kingdom. He designed a train ferry for Lake Constance in 1868 and designed the great rotunda for the Vienna exhibition in 1873. In 1836 Russell married Harriette, the second daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel and Lady Osborne; they had three daughters and one son. He died at Ventnor, Isle of Wight, on 8 June 1882.
Date
1834-1867
Scope and ContentComprises: /1 notebook recording trials of his steam carriages between Paisley and Glasgow in 1834; 'Calculations of Ships' dated June 1851 and signed B Jensen, including comparative tables re 'America' schooner yacht and Stephenson's 'Titania'.
/2 indexed office register of ships built by Russell from 1848 (ships after 1853 undated) listing over 60 vessels with details of hull cost, woodwork, engines, fittings etc, including of Stephenson's 'Titania' and her refitting as 'Themis'.
/3 indexed office register of ships built by Russell between ca.1853 and 1860 listing 63 vessels including 'Great Eastern', with details of dimensions, tonnage, draft, boilers etc, particulars of 'El Rey d'Jaymes II', details of screw collier 'Nightingale' and 4p of specifications of 'Great Eastern'.
/4 office register containing details of ship engines, boilers etc of ships completed 1852-59, and with 'Indicator Diagram - Gt Eastern/Trip from Weymouth to Holyhead Oct 1859/...Mr Halford, H.M.Dockyard Woolwich.
/5 notes on physics, thermometers, gases, heat etc kept between 1856 Nov 19 and 1857 Jan 21, with reversed at end calculations of displacement of 1859 Dec including calculations of stability of the 'Great Eastern'.
/6 general notebook on naval architecture, displacement etc, 1862-63.
/7 general notebook, beginning as an office register to steam ships, but with further rough notes made on trip to France in 1867 Apr etc.
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom (1806–1859), civil engineer, was born at Portsea, Portsmouth, on 9 April 1806, the third child and first son of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel (1769–1849), civil engineer. He worked as apprentice to his father who was then working to construct the first tunnel under the River Thames in London, from Rotherhithe to Wapping. Brunel designed Clifton Bridge, Bristol and advised the Bristol Docks Company on improvements to the condition of the Bristol City docks.
In 1833 he was appointed Engineer to the Great Western Railway (GWR), the line ran from Paddington Station in London to Temple Meads in Bristol. He chose to adopt a broader gauge than that adopted by previous railways, so that the GWR was built on a ‘broad gauge’ of 7 feet instead of the conventional ‘narrow’ gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches. The two systems were used together until 1845 when the broad gauge was rejected by the Gauge Commission. The GWR also operated steam ships from Bristol to New York and a subsidiary company the Great Western Steamship Company was created with Brunel as its engineer.
He was a keen supporter of the Institution of Civil Engineers, He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in June 1830 of which he became an associate in 1829, and a member from 1837. He was an active member of the buildings committee of the commission for the Great Exhibition of 1851, and supported Paxton's design for the Crystal Palace. In 1857 he was awarded an honorary degree of DCL from the University of Oxford. He operated from his office in Duke Street, London. Brunel died on 15 September 1859 aged fifty-three.
Robert Stephenson (1803–1859) was a railway and civil engineer born on 16 October 1803 at Willington Quay, near Newcastle upon Tyne, the only son of George Stephenson (1781–1848), colliery and railway engineer.
He was educated at Bruce's academy at Newcastle upon Tyne. On leaving school in 1819 Stephenson was apprenticed to Nicholas Wood, viewer of Killingworth colliery. In 1821 he assisted his father in the survey of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, and then in 1822 spent six months studying natural philosophy, chemistry, and natural history at Edinburgh University. On leaving Edinburgh, Stephenson settled in Newcastle upon Tyne to manage Robert Stephenson & Co at Forth Banks Works, the locomotive building establishment which his father had founded there in 1823 to build stationary and locomotive engines.
The locomotive ‘Rocket’ was built under his direction and went on to win the Rainhill locomotive trials, held in October 1829, to determine the best means of propulsion on the Liverpool and Manchester line. He was responsible for surveying the line of the proposed London and Birmingham Railway and was appointed Chief Engineer. The railway was the world's first intercity passenger railway in which all the trains were timetabled and were hauled for
most of the distance solely by steam locomotives
From 1838 until the end of his life he was engaged on railway work, not only in Great Britain, but all over the world; railways were constructed either under his own direct supervision or under his advice which later became the trunk lines of the countries in which they were laid down. Stephenson’s designs became the dominant type of locomotive in Great Britain. Notable among Stephenson locomotives was the long-boilered engine in which all wheels were placed ahead of the firebox so that there was no restriction on its size. Unsuitable for main line express service, the
type was remarkably successful in the carriage of heavy freight where a reservoir ofsteaming capacity could be used with advantage.
Stephenson was also successful at bridge building, he built the high-level bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle, the Royal Border Bridge at Berwick and the Britannia Bridge over the Conwy and the Menai Strait. Stephenson also proposed the great Victoria Bridge over the St Lawrence River at Montreal, which was begun in 1854 and
completed in 1859 after his death.
On 30 July 1847 Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby. He represented the town until his death.
He died at his home at 34 Gloucester Square, London, on 12 October 1859 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
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