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Title
The Babbage Papers
Reference
BAB
Production date
1821 - 1905

Creator

Babbage, Charles Biography Biography
(1792-1871), mathematician Charles Babbage was born in 1791 in London. He began to show his talent for mathematics and invention from an early age. Following a private education, Babbage went to study at Cambridge in 1810. However, he disagreed with the theories of mathematics taught there and set about supplementing his lectures with European theories of mathematics instead. Babbage established the Analytical Society with a group of fellow mathematics undergraduates. They wrote and published a history of calculus and a translation of Sylvestre Francois Lacroix's book on differential and integral calculus. Whilst still at Cambridge, Babbage speculated about producing a machine to calculate logarithm tables for astronomy and navigation. He graduated in mathematics from Cambridge in 1814 and was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1816. In 1819 Babbage began to design and construct a reliable mechanical calculator capable of producing and printing accurate tables. By 1822 he had built a small calculating machine, or 'Difference Engine', able to work out complicated equations. With the backing of the Royal Society, Babbage secured an initial government grant of £1,500 to build a larger machine. Work on the Difference Engine began in 1823, but was slower and more expensive than Babbage anticipated. Babbage's progress was further interrupted by personal tragedy when his wife and two of his children died in 1827. By 1834, the government had contributed £17,000 to build the machine. However, Babbage's disagreements with both his engineer, Joseph Clement, and the government meant work on the Difference Engine ceased altogether. In 1842 the government took the final decision to abandon the Difference Engine. By this time, Babbage was working on a more sophisticated engine, the 'Analytical Engine', which could perform multiple calculations, store numbers and be programmed using punched cards. Babbage's detailed drawings reveal the engine to be in many ways analogous to modern computers. He applied what he had learnt to design the 'Difference Engine No. 2', an improved version of his original engine. Babbage continued to work on the design of the Analytical Engine for the rest of his life, creating several different versions of the machine. He was convinced of its usefulness but lacked the funding to build it. The machine was never completed. Although Babbage is best known for his calculating engines, he was a lifelong inventor with a passion for improvement. His designs included an ophthalmoscope, an automaton for playing noughts and crosses, a ‘black box’ recorder for monitoring railway tracks and ‘speaking-tubes’ linking London and Liverpool amongst many other ideas. Babbage was also enthusiastic about promoting the usefulness of science in society. He helped set up the Astronomical Society (1820), the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1831) and the Statistical Society of London (1834). Between 1827 and 1835 he held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge. He died in London in 1871, still working on the Analytical Engine. In 1991 the Science Museum constructed the Difference Engine No. 2 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Babbage’s birth. The machine was based on Babbage’s original plans and demonstrated for the first time the viability of his designs.

Scope and Content
The papers held by the Science Museum Library and Archives relate mostly to Babbage’s automatic calculating engines. This archive contains three main types of material: 1) Babbage’s notebooks, 2) engineering drawings and 3) notations which describe the way parts are intended to act and can be thought of as 'walk throughs' or 'traces' of micro-programs for various models or plans of the engines. THE CROSS REFERENCING SYSTEM. Babbage used an extensive system of cross referencing between the design drawings, notations and scribbling books, which he indicated on each specific item. Unfortunately the cross referencing system is far too complex to replicate in this electronic catalogue at this time. It is hoped that this work will be undertaken as a separate project in the future. Allan Bromley's published finding aid identifies all of the individual items in the archive and establishes a uniform system of identification as well as explaining the method of construction and use of the item cross-referencing system and catalogue numbers. However the quickest and simplest way to follow Babbage's cross referencing system is to examine the original materials. DIFFERENCE ENGINE MATERIAL This comprises engineering drawings and notations related to the two Difference Engines. They are arranged as follows. Working drawings of Difference Engine No. 1 – this sequence is only about 30% complete. Miscellaneous plans, drawings and notations relating to Difference Engine No. 1 (1822-1833). Drawings and tracings of Difference Engine No. 2 (1847-1848). Notation of units of Difference Engine No. 2 (1849). Original Notation of Units of Difference Engine No. 2 (1848-1849). Miscellaneous notations, some relating to Difference Engine No. 2 (1841; 1848). Miscellaneous papers relating to motions of the calculating parts and index of parts for Difference Engine No. 2 (1848). ANALYTICAL ENGINE MATERIAL This is made up of engineering drawings and notations. There are three series of drawings, known as 'plans'. They are arranged according to three chronological phases of work. Series A (1833-1848) shows details of the calculating mechanisms developed during the first phase of work, as well as a series of miscellaneous tracings relating to the first phase. Series D shows drawings from 1857-1858 and reflects the start of the second phase. Series P (1857-1870) shows the later part of the second phase in a quite distinct draughtsman’s hand. Notations of the Analytical Engine (1835-1848) provide the functional descriptions of the machine. The mechanical details are given in the series of drawings and explain the complex algorithms that Babbage used for the various arithmetic functions. Notations of Calculations (1837-1838) are 'walk throughs' or 'traces' of user or application programmes for the Analytical Engine. They show how the basic micro-programmed arithmetic functions of the Notations of the Analytical Engine are used in extended calculations. Cardboard drawings of the Analytical Engine (1866-1871) relate to the model of the Analytical Engine under construction at the time of Babbage’s death. Miscellaneous drawings, notations and abstracts relate to the Analytical Engine (1833-1871). There are also papers relating to H.P. Babbage’s construction of the 'Mill' of the Analytical Engine (1880-1905). History sheets (1834-1861) summarise the major developments and ideas in the Analytical Engine during a particular year. 26 NOTEBOOKS AND LOOSE PAPERS (1821-1870) These are manuscript bound volumes, described as both 'Sketch Books' and 'Scribbling Books' by Babbage. The notebooks contain Babbage’s rough sketches and notes, which show his thought processes and the development of the functions and design of his machines. The notebooks include other subjects as well as some personal and private matters. THE REST OF THE MATERIAL IN THE ARCHIVE This includes Stereotype Drawings (1836-1838) which are impressions from stereotype plates prepared for Babbage. They show his technique for preparing a series of printed drawings by successively removing detail from a stereotype plate. Formulae relating to programmes contain only algebraic developments that relate to various calculations the Analytical Engine may have been intended to perform. Drawings of Tools (1857-1861), relate in particular to a Universal Machine Tool whose design Babbage developed to construct his engines. There are also papers relating to the Scheutzs' Difference Engine (c. 1854).
Extent
11 plan press drawers and 8 linear meters of shelving
Language
English
Archival history
The notebooks relating to the design of Difference Engine No. 1 were passed by Babbage to the government in 1842, but are now lost. The archive was arranged and described by Dr Allan G. Bromley, Professor of Computing Science at the University of Sydney and Visiting Research Fellow at the Science Museum, London at the time. He published 'The Babbage Papers', a cross-referenced list in 1991. David Keck, Bromley’s research assistant, also contributed. The Difference Engine No. 1 K and U series have also been listed and described by C. J. D. Roberts. https://sites.google.com/site/babbagedifferenceengine/de1archives The archive was digitised during September 2011.
Level of description
TOP
Repository name
Science Museum, London
Conditions governing access
Open Access
Conditions governing Reproduction
Copies may be supplied in accordance with current copyright legislation and Science Museum Group terms and conditions

Related object

Appraisal
Not applicable
System of arrangement
Babbage’s work was divided into a series of distinct phases for the purposes of cataloguing. Work on the Difference Engine No. 1 was carried out from its conception in 1820 until the project was abruptly halted in 1833. Design of the Analytical Engine commenced immediately thereafter and the papers, covering a range of about thirty design plans, date from 1834 - 1848. The design of the Difference Engine No. 2 overlapped the last part of this period, from 1846 - 1848. Babbage’s active work on computing machinery then lapsed until about 1854. Serious work at constructing a simplified model of the Analytical Engine then occupied Babbage from about 1856 until his death in 1871. The papers were divided into 26 major groups identified by letters of the alphabet. These are essentially subdivisions of the three main types of material, arranged according to format. The groups generally correspond to Babbage’s original groupings of the papers. The large series of drawings was divided into three groups, A (Analytical Engine, 1833-1848); B (Difference Engine No 2) and P (Analytical Engine 1857-1870). There are miscellaneous groups which may include several small original groupings. The main series of drawings (Groups A, B and P) and Notations (Group F) were listed by H. P. Babbage in his published collection 'Babbage’s Calculating Engines', London, 1889. Bromley’s numbering corresponds with H. P. Babbage’s. However H. P. Babbage’s titles were taken from lists prepared by Charles Babbage, whilst Bromley’s were taken from the items themselves. H. P. Babbage’s lists are reproduced in the appendix of the published finding aid. Series headings provide detailed descriptions about the series content. In the vast majority of cases, papers were numbered by Babbage and this numbering system was followed. If no numbers were supplied originally by Babbage, items were numbered arbitrarily, namely for the miscellaneous papers, unnumbered sheets and notebooks. Babbage used the * suffix on the drawings to indicate multiple sheets where a drawing comprises more than one sheet, or printed or other versions of the same drawing. Bromley converted the star symbol to using an x as the suffix instead in the printed finding aid. In order to accommodate the technical requirements of the cataloguing software, we have used a forward slash followed by the appropriate number to represent the suffix. Inconsistencies in numbers and arrangement account for gaps in the number sequences.